@article{kuster_pdstd_2021,
  title = {PDSTD - The Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database},
  url = {https://www.csl.uni-bremen.de/cms/images/documents/publications/Küster2021_Article_PDSTD-ThePortsmouthDynamicSpon.pdf},
  issn = {1554-3528},
  url = {10.3758/s13428-021-01752-w">https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01752-w},
  doi = {10.3758/s13428-021-01752-w},
  abstract = {The vast majority of research on human emotional tears has relied on posed and static stimulus materials. In this paper, we introduce the Portsmouth Dynamic Spontaneous Tears Database ({PDSTD}), a free resource comprising video recordings of 24 female encoders depicting a balanced representation of sadness stimuli with and without tears. Encoders watched a neutral film and a self-selected sad film and reported their emotional experience for 9 emotions. Extending this initial validation, we obtained norming data from an independent sample of naïve observers (N = 91, 45 females) who watched videos of the encoders during three time phases (neutral, pre-sadness, sadness), yielding a total of 72 validated recordings. Observers rated the expressions during each phase on 7 discrete emotions, negative and positive valence, arousal, and genuineness. All data were analyzed by means of general linear mixed modelling ({GLMM}) to account for sources of random variance. Our results confirm the successful elicitation of sadness, and demonstrate the presence of a tear effect, i.e., a substantial increase in perceived sadness for spontaneous dynamic weeping. To our knowledge, the {PDSTD} is the first database of spontaneously elicited dynamic tears and sadness that is openly available to researchers. The stimuli can be accessed free of charge via {OSF} from https://osf.io/uyjeg/?view\_only=24474ec8d75949ccb9a8243651db0abf.},
  journal= {Behavior Research Methods},
  shortjournal = {Behavior Research Methods},
  author = {Küster, Dennis and Baker, Marc and Krumhuber, Eva G.},
  year = {2021},
}